The cultural and memory institutions Essay Example for Free

The cultural and memory institutions Essay There has been a radical change for the cultural and memory institutions across United Kingdom and these changes are moreover due to the changing facet of technology and the growing feature of user demands. The modern trends influence the purpose of the traditional as well as modern culture preservation and its management. The new technology has brought about rapid changes with its ways to preserve culture in its conventional form by scholarly studies and development of supporting strategies. In this regard, the possible ways, UK’s cultural institutions should probably approach is discussed here in this report. The objective of this study is provide recommendations and options so as to make visible the country’s cultural institutions and actors. It is hopeful that the study will help to improve the way UK’s cultural actors organize for the predictable changes that will take place in the next five years. This report aims to converge the three main trends discussed in the report – technology, culture, their interaction in order to increase the social participation and how new emerging web technology and online services can help to increase the public participation in culture. Definitely, internet technology or more profoundly, digitization has changes the scenario to a large extent and has created demands for on-demand, continuously available, personal access to products. Almost every library, archives and museums in UK have become digital by now and have changed their roles from the customary bodies to hybrid organizations that know how to take care of all the various cultural resources. The adaptation of the cultural contents to the digital form of content has presented a new dimension to the society to access their cultural heritage in ways that were unbelievable about a decade ago. According to Paul Fiander, Chief of BBC Information and records, UK, â€Å"The dividend from investment into going digital is substantial. † With the increasing levels of knowledge in the society, there will always be an increasing demand for quality and rich content and the Cultural institutions can cater to this need of learning services that are needed at all levels of the society. The modern internet technologies can play a major role in enhancing and delivering new content about culture heritage of the society. With this addition of innovative internet technologies, users will be able to enjoy easier access to their cultural lives and will be able top actively participate in events and cultural communities world wide. Users will be able to locate their areas of interest, visit virtual museums, and libraries to search for information they would have to toil hard to obtain. According to David Bearman,AMICO, â€Å"Offering highly interactive and rich environments will become a competitive factor within the cultural heritage community. In the future, we will expect that you can manipulate digital images in many ways, turn them around, look at the bottom, etc. Those resources that you cannot manipulate will be perceived as second rate. Moreover, the museums they come from will be perceived as second rate. † Displays, narrations and visuals combined with studies or information are learnt to have more positive effect on any student or end user. Latest advancements can provide a more effective and interactive learning environment for the users to add value to their studies and research works based on cultural heritage. Nevertheless, technology cannot alone boost the growing needs to reinforce a cultural scenario within the British society or anywhere else in the world, for that matter, but it also requires the understanding and the intellectual â€Å"capital† to create and develop new and rich cultural content material. This will help the cultural institutions to unlock the rich cultural heritage to the masses. Meanwhile the private sector has already started its efforts in the direction to re-invent the cultural content online. Amazon, BBC, Wikipedia, Second Life and MySpace have out in considerable efforts in this field and have changes the content landscape on the internet within a short period of time. These companies have done revolutionary digitization changes with the existing online content and have improved it beyond imagination. The truth is that they are inevitably assimilating. However, the next big question is that, what are most suitable policies that can meet the desired aims to merge technology and culture at the same time and what will the opportunities that online cultural opportunities can bring forward in a fast changing world. This paper throws some light in these issues and what can be the roles that the different organizations can play to achieve this aim.

walking your walk :: essays research papers

Walking your Walk The book mentions that ethics is about behavior. This means that for something to be a part of your ethical beliefs, you must be willing to act accordingly if put the situation. If you are not willing to act on something that you say is your ethical and moral belief, is it really a part of your ethics. I do not think that a person can believe something and contradict the beliefs with the decisions that they choose to make. The decisions that people make decide for them, what their ethical and moral beliefs. Talk is cheap when it comes to ethics. I think that in the case of ethics, the phrase should be switched around. If you are walking the walk, you are allowed to talk the talk. For example a teacher has many students, and at the beginning of the semester, or the beginning of their teaching career, they choose to grade fairly and to give students grades depending of the scores of the homework, tests, and participation. This is the right ethical way to grade for the teacher. If the teacher has a student who tries really hard, and puts in the time outside of class, and has a tutor, but in the end just has a hard time with the subject matter. Would that student deserve to get a failing grade just because they are slower than the rest of the class. Why does the smart kid who has to put forth no effort, and everything just comes natural, get the good grade. I think that teachers are more inclined to give the student who tries so hard a passing grade, when the numbers are the things that should determine the grade. I think that you absolutely have an ethical responsibility to be a role model for others in your daily activities. If you are in a management position for example, how can you expect people to behave like you want them to if you are not willing to be the example? I believe that a manager, and even a person for that matter, should not ask you to do something that they would not do themselves if put in the same situation. If you are not acting on something that is part of your ethical and moral beliefs, than it does not belong as part of your ethical makeup. It is more of a moral and ethical wish list, and the only things on that list that you can claim, are the things that you are practicing, and using to make your decisions.

Vacant Chapter 1 Alone

I grew up in a small house in a lower-class neighborhood, just my dad and me. My old man worked a blue-collar job with shit benefits. I can't complain too much though, because I never went hungry and always had a roof over my head. No, my dad didn't hug me every night or read bedtime stories by the glow of a nightlight, but he fed me, clothed me, and didn't knock me around. That's more than some of my friends had, so I was grateful. I hadn't known then, growing up, that there was anything more in life to want. I was fifteen when my father left just after dinner to buy a pack of cigarettes. He never came home. My dad was shot in a convenience store parking lot after he gave the wrong guy the wrong look. He walked down to get some smokes and didn't take his wallet, just five bucks for the cheapest pack he could get. He was shot at point-blank range, no cigarettes or money found on his person. He was listed as a John Doe at the morgue. There was no burial and no identity when he moved from this life to the next. I was on my own for a week before anyone realized I was alone. I was smart enough to keep my mouth shut, to get up and go to school every day. I figured I had at least three or four months before a bill collector came knocking, but the nosy bitch across the street hadn't seen the old man in a week and was â€Å"worried.† That's when I began my life in the system. It's not like on TV; when you're an orphan in an after school special, they ship your ass off to a relative and everyone lives happily ever after. In real life, though, if you don't have family that wants you – or family at all, you become a ward of the state. Sure, they have foster homes and pretend families that some kids get to live with, but there are a shit-ton of homeless kids and few foster families available. Many foster parents are in it for the money, so they aren't exactly the best option, either. Typically, you're stuck in a group home with other kids in the same messed up situation as you and a revolving door of caregivers. However, I had a bed to sleep in, clothes on my back, and I was not a victim of abuse. It wasn't all that different from living with my dad. At eighteen, Children's Services kicked my ass out. There were lots of kids to take care of and not a lot of money. Luckily, I'd gotten a job at a grocery store as a bag boy at sixteen and began saving. I wasn't stupid or naive enough to think the state was going to take care of me forever. I was fortunate enough to have graduated from high school before I got the boot; some kids had to worry about finishing school in addition to being homeless. My father told me many times I couldn't depend on anyone but myself, and I never realized how right he was before the day I was truly on my own. With my savings in hand and a promotion to stock-boy, I got my first place. It was the cheapest place I could find in a neighborhood without bars on the windows. It was small and dirty, but it was mine. There weren't gunshots whizzing by my windows or the sounds of screaming every night, so I wasn't about to look a gift horse in the mouth. My life hasn't changed much in the past three years. I get up every morning, walk to the grocery store, clock in, work a ten hour shift, clock out, come home, mind my own business, and do it again the next day. I don't have friends because they create lots of complications and drama. I spend my time at work smiling at the customers and doing my job. Co-workers ask me out from time to time, but the truth is I don't have extra money to have a few beers with the guys or take a girl on a date. I'm always careful with my rejection. There's no sense in hurting anyone's feelings when it's not necessary. Plus, it would lead to questions I'm not willing to answer. I'm sitting alone at my thrift store kitchen table, staring down at a day-old cookie. It's my twenty-first birthday today. I don't have any plans, and there are no cards in my mailbox. I'm having dessert for breakfast, a treat to myself, and I'm thankful for what little I have. It's sad as hell, but I don't have any candles so I light a match and jam it in the middle of the damn cookie. I don't even make a wish before I blow out the tiny flame so it doesn't burn down and ruin my treat. No sooner than the flame's gone out, there's a knock at my door. I look at my dollar store wall clock and see it's only nine. I can't imagine who would be at my door this early on a Saturday morning. Most of my neighbors sleep in after a late Friday night. Even though I'm twenty-one, I tend to think of myself as more mature than most people my age, so when I open the door and see a girl, petite and fragile in appearance, I automatically think she's young. She may even be my age, maybe younger, but my experience makes me feel like I'm over thirty, so she seems like a girl to me. She's standing there smiling as if she doesn't have a care in the world, obviously not knowing people around here don't smile. I peer at her through the ripped screen of my front door as the heat and humidity of the day filters in. â€Å"Hey, what's up? I'm Emily. I just moved in next door.†

Supply Chain Operation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 736 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/14 Category Business Essay Type Report Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Considering the impressive change in the prices, decrease in headcount and uncertainty relating to future stability of market, global oil and gas industry is currently experiencing challenging times. Major of its spending goes to supply. To curb this it is understandably that now they are focusing on delivering immediate cost reduction. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Supply Chain Operation" essay for you Create order In reference to a research done by Achilles shows that up to 80 per cent of the revenues spent with suppliers (Britain,2013). Its is therefor vital for the oil and gas company to implement a mechanism to manage risks involved in managing supply chains. Due to continuous existence of this risk, the market continues face challenges associated with pricing and volume supplied. Every company has dreams of operating globally to spread it operation allover to acquire more profit. Though this is an advantage, it also one of the major challenges facing supply chain of gas and oil. During a debate constituting a small group of oil and gas procurement executives in Huston, they stressed this one as a major challenge (Wright, C. J, Gallun R, 2015). They stressed on the possible challenges by land rig markets, environment become complex and chaotic. Hence transforming to a value-based strategy and less volume. Also states that the regulatory environment is raising up, as the regulatory body double in staff size in the previous year and again doubled on that year ().it transmit in the increase in the pricing. Transportation is on the major challenge emerging from the forces of volume and pricing. As the company tries to get a better procedure on how to extract and transport the product, they get in a problem in implementing the transport scheme. In remote geographic location and complex upstream operation on deep water, pose a major challenge for the supply chain partners. It brings up the cost used in large transit inventories (Wright, C. J, Gallun R, 2015). It forces the company to avail some amount of safety stock at the final location. The remote geographical location mainly affecting the upstream sector is one of the challenging affected the chain supply of gas and oil. The oil laying near on the ground is explicit exploited therefore it is forcing the company to migrate into remote oils mine that is yet exploited. The companies are moving to places such as West Africa, the Caspain Sea, the Arctic, Alaska, Brazil and other places with the prospectives of continuous maintaining their volume supply (Britain, 2013). Working in that place a prospective company lacks effective logistics capabilities. They also find it difficult in acquiring permits and Right Of Way (ROW), pipelines, building road, flow lines and other facilities. In an efficient supply, chain for an oil and gas company there needs a collaboration among the company. Due to the varying of pricing and volume in different region hiders to a successful collaboration. The companies scramble the available resource and market instead of sharing information where both would benefit in analysis the market in order to make an informed decision. The CEO of AGILITY stresses important of collaboration as an asset optimization where chemical producer and LSPs would work together with their competitors for a successful operation (Great Britain, 2013). In relation to the volume or pricing of oil and gas, it essential for the company to implement measure that will guard sophisticated information concerning the product (Li,L 2013).. This one of the key aspect that many companies are unable to implement hence posing a challenge in on chain supply of those products. Since the transportation of gas and oil is major on ship, both the producing company and suppliers and customer should have an information location of each ship at any time. Conclusion Digesting the above, it is clear on how the two hurricane that is prising and volume pose a challenge to companies in the chain supply of gas and oil. It would impossible to hold the two force constant, therefore the companies a task in finding measure to regulate them. They should have to collaborate among themselves, as this will help them navigate over this challenge. Reference Great Britain,(2013).Statutory security of supply report 2013: A report produced jointly by DECC and Ofgem, OTHER THAN THE ANNEXES WHICH ARE PRODUCED BY decc ALONE. London: Stationery Office. Li,L (2013). Supply chain management:Concepts, techniques,and practices enhancing the value throuhgh collabolation. Hackensack, NJ:World Scientific. Wright, C. J, Gallun R,A (2015).Fundamentals of oil gas accounting. Tulsa, okla: PennWell.

Aligning Profitability and Sustainability Nike - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 719 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Nike Essay Organization Essay Did you like this example? Aligning profitability and sustainability A central issue that companies grapple with as they try to become more sustainable is how and to what extent they adopt this as part of their corporate strategy. Nike faces the same dilemma as it builds on the success of the ‘Considered’ initiative while simultaneously encountering challenges implementing the ethos across the entire brand. How far can and should Nike go in â€Å"considering the right thing and doing the right thing†? Businesses often strive to find the balance between being economically and environmentally sustainable. However, it is possible, with innovation, to align the benefits of these aspects and minimize trade-offs. For Nike to advance on the sustainability scale, it is imperative that they identify and pursue alignment mechanisms that will allow it to become profitable and sustainable. Integrating sustainability across the brand While Considered as an ethos is promoted and accepted acros s the Nike brand, a key obstacle to progress is its limited and non-uniform implementation across the various categories. Sustainability needs to evolve from being a strategic initiative to an organizational strategy that encapsulates all categories setting brand wide objectives, identifying resources, and establishing uniform metrics for performance. As noted in the case, sustainability for Nike is not just a CSR goal anymore rather a crucial factor in long-term growth and competitiveness of the company. Specific measures in the strategy to accomplish this could include creation of a comprehensive index covering all categories and products taking into consideration the differences in costs, prices, and targets. Secondly, modifying the operations to build in the impact of sustainable design, development and manufacturing on the production time line will allow for wider implementation of the practices. Furthermore, this helps incorporate iterative design through measurement, au dit, and tracking through the product life cycle. Adoption would also increase if Nike can create a broader negotiating platform to enable all categories to benefit from price reductions from suppliers. Finally, any organizational strategy would require champions among the various teams to disseminate the sustainability ethos, build liaisons across functions and in general ensure broader enforcement of best practices. The message of â€Å"being good is good for the business† needs to be part of the leadership’s vision, implementation and evaluative measures in the company. External partnerships and alliances An internal philosophy and focus on sustainability is one part of the equation in achieving long-term sustainability in an organization. Organizations need to create and foster an eco-system around them that help them align the profitability and sustainability goals. Nike, as the market leader, is in an excellent position to create partnerships and alliances towards that goal. Nike should spearhead the creation and/or consolidation of industry wide practices including rating systems for the products and performance metrics. Promoting environmentally friendly systems would accelerate adoption by suppliers thereby strengthening its global sourcing channels. Third-party monitoring and validation relationships would bolster Nike’s credibility and improve its standing as an environmentally responsible organization. This is especially important in the light of its past experience with the labor crisis. Nike should create strategic partnerships with suppliers promoting knowledge sharing, assisting in training and education and identifying long-term benefits. It should engage the suppliers in dialogues regarding comprehensive standards promoting alignment in their goals. Customer awareness and branding An organization’s value is in the eyes of the customer. The Nike brand commands tremendous customer loyalty and recognition through its association with high performance, innovation and aesthetics. For Nike to evolve as a sustainable brand, it has to create value for its customer to be part of the new ecosystem. Nike should differentiate itself by the additional dimension of eco-friendliness to build on its performance and aesthetic values. Leveraging celebrity endorsements and raising consumer awareness, Nike should engage customers in the sustainability vision through collaboration with NGOs, eco-friendly groups and environmental campaigns. Evolving the brand to be associated with social and environmental responsibility would improve customer satisfaction and the bottom-line. In conclusion, Nike’s challenge is to interlock profitability and sustainability as it strives to address global sourcing, competitive and environmental issues. To succeed, Nike should create a comprehensive strategy to implement sustainability practices internally while simultaneously forming alliances and partnerships with external stakeholders, including customers. By marrying innovation with ‘green’ it is feasible for Nike to create cost-effective, high performing, and ‘cool’ eco-friendly products. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Aligning Profitability and Sustainability: Nike" essay for you Create order

When Plato s The Cave - 1626 Words

When Plato wrote â€Å"The Cave†, he was talking about how the process of learning philosophy. You are in a cave where you are only shown a fraction of the truth, and you believe it to be true because you have never been shown, or have known, anything different. But then someone comes along and shows you the way to enlightenment, and brings you to a higher level of understanding by showing you that the things you have perceived as real were not real at all, but shadows of the real figures dancing along the walls. You begin to explore the outside world for the first time, absorbing this new found information; but then you think back to the others that are still stuck in the cave. You return to those people to show them this new world and its knowledge, but they do not take you seriously because you have grown unaccustomed to the conditions of the cave, your eyes cannot see well in the dark anymore; and therefore, they do not take you choose to ignore you because you are no longer like them and on their level of understanding. Or perhaps they would get angry with you because you are annoying them with knowledge they do not want, and would possibly want you out of their lives for it. But still you continue to try because that is your obligation to society, to share the knowledge to better everyone for the greater good. The cave has been discussed for the past 2000 years since Plato wrote it in his book â€Å"The Republic†. From this allegory, and the book, the philosophers afterShow MoreRelatedEnlightenment Vs. The Comfort Of Fantasy Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment vs. The Comfort of Fantasy Plato is known as the most progressive and fruitful philosophers of his time. He created the practice of questioning everything, and he illuminated the knowledge ignored by the majority. His ideas were rejected, despite his intentions of expanding knowledge and creating a more clear vision of the world. However, his students of philosophy, Aristotle and Glaucon were the most prominent of those who chose to learn from him. Plato engaged in dialogue with these twoRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1249 Words   |  5 Pages Although he wrote many works in his time, Plato s most famous piece was The Republic. The philosopher created what we know as the allegory of the cave. Plato once wrote, How could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? (Plato) In The Truman Show, created in 1998, the man that controls Truman Burbank s life says, We accept the reality of the world with which we re presented. It s as simple as that. (Nichol) The allegory portrays mankind as prisonersRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Views On Life794 Words   |  4 PagesAnalogy of Plato and Aristotle Aristotle and Plato were each great intellectual however their views on life are totally different. Plato was born round the year 428 BCE in Athens. (Plato) Plato was then introduce to was introduced to philosophy by Socrates in 469-399 B.C.( Plato)Who then became is mentor, however Socrates died , however shortly after his mentor die he had an an inspiration to induce his into politics this then lead him to be educated in Mediterranean. Plato then startedRead More plato Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss Plato’s Parable of the Cave. Plato’s parable of the cave, also known as the â€Å"allegory of the cave, opulently describes beneficial metaphors and elaborate imagery about knowledge, ignorance, truth and lastly enlightenment. The allegory of the cave appears at the beginning of Book VII of Plato’s The Republic, which in itself is principally a study of justice, government and leadership. In The Republic, Plato describes a cave containing individuals confined to the cave floor, bound by shacklesRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscourses for long after its initial kindling. Such is the case with Plato s allegory of the cave, which has for over 2,500 years inspired significant contributions to theorizations of truth. Despite the age of Plato s work, the truth in the allegory is demonstrated by its own universality; as a formative piece of literature, the story acts as a gateway into Western discourses of truth. Truth remains an elusive quality, particularly when it is elevated to a universal value. Elevation as such brings intoRead More Analysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Essay example995 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Allegory of the Cave Platos Allegory of the Cave presents a vision of humans as slaves chained in front of a fire observing the shadows of things on the cave wall in front of them. The shadows are the only reality the slaves know. Plato argues that there is a basic flaw in how we humans mistake our limited perceptions as reality, truth and goodness. The allegory reveals how that flaw affects our education, our spirituality and our politics. The flaw that Plato speaks about is trustingRead MoreCritical View Into Philip Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment 1530 Words   |  7 Pagesinto Philip Zimbardo s Stanford Prison Experiment Zimbardo s prison experiment continues to receive a lot of critics from the manner in which it was carried out to the results that its portrayed. Some people believe that as a psychologist, Zimbardo should have done a better job in trying to show how good can turn into evil through the said experiment. The research also demonstrates the interaction between the reality and the illusion which is also the concepts that Plato portrays in his analogyRead MoreThe Myth Of The Cave1391 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 14, 2015 The Myth of the Cave What is real, what is not, how can I really know the world around me? These are simple questions that philosophers have pondered on for hundreds of years. This type of questioning falls under the topic of metaphysics which deals with two broad questions of what is there and what is it like? Philosophers that discuss metaphysics question what we perceive in this world and attempt to clarify the sensations that we feel. Plato a renowned philosopher and studentRead MoreAnalyzing Plato s Allegory Of The Cave874 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Cave through my own interpretation. An allegory is defined as â€Å"a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.† In Plato’s Republic the short excerpt The Allegory of the Cave can be viewed through multiple perspectives. Plato’s image of the cave is known as the â€Å"theory of forms†¦ The theory assumes the existence of a level of reality inhabited by idea l â€Å"forms† of all things and concepts (Revelations: Islam: Plato s AllegoryRead MoreThe By Daniel Quinn s Ishmael, And Plato s Allegory Of The Cave1520 Words   |  7 PagesQuinn’s novel, Ishmael, and Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. Plato makes the compelling argument that people are captives of the world of ignorance. Ishmael complements Plato’s allegory by agreeing that there are two groups of people, that it would be difficult to distinguish the truth, and that people are being deceived. Plato and Ishmael were both able to indicate that there are two groups of people. In his allegory, Plato had described a cave with human beings living in it, â€Å"they cannot move,

The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. free essay sample

The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son This poem Is relatively easy to understand. Here Is a synopsis of the poem The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son by Loran Godson In this poem, a mother expresses her deep affection for her son. She reflects on the unfortunate circumstances of her life as a single parent. She is now concerned about the welfare of her son. This woman is seen as one, whose deep devotion and dedication to her son make her transcend her difficulties.Her responsibility to her son takes priority. But what shatters her now, is the fact that her son is employed by someone who appears to be engaged in shady activities. To her, the gun he carries Is a symbol of destructiveness and criminal activities. The conversational style of the poem makes the reader empathic with the thoughts and feelings of the mother. We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reader discerns In the mother, fortitude, resilience and spiritual strength which Inform her actions. Did you identify the themes and literary devices in this poem? What are they?Answer these Questions 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. The mood of the poem is one of (a) disgust and anger (b) optimism and hope (c) sadness and despair 3. Which of these words describe the tone of the poem? Formal, conversational, angry, serious? 4. What do the lines a metallic tide, rising in her mouth each morning suggest about the mother? 5. He treated all his children With equal and unbiased indifference. What do the above lines suggest about the father? 6. Why do you think that the mother is upset about the job her son has taken? 7.What do the black cloth and veiled hat symbolize? . Select the line which expresses the mothers helplessness. 9. Why does she allude to the thief on the left side of the cross? 10. How do you feel as you read the poem? Ay Illimitableness ere Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son This poem is relatively easy to understand. Here is a synopsis of the poem ere Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son by Loran Goodish Irish woman is seen as one, whose deep devotion and dedication to her son make her engaged in shady activities.To her, the gun he carries is a symbol of destructiveness he conversational style of the poem makes the reader empathic with the thoughts and feelings of the mother. The reader discerns in the mother, fortitude, resilience and spiritual strength which inform her actions. 1 . What is the theme of the poem? Disgust and anger lb) optimism and hope sadness and despair 4. What do the lines a metallic tide, Ninth equal and unbiased indifference. hat do the above lines suggest about the father? 5. Why do you think that the mother is upset about the Job her son has taken? 7. Nat do the black cloth and hat symbolize?